The dialectical relationship between economic globalization and the global economic governance system is basically in line with Marx’s theory of“economic foundation and superstructure”. Economic globalization plays a fundamentally decisive role, while the global economic governance system has the opposite effect of promoting or hindering on it, and the two are closely related. The expansion of the global value chains requires timely and effective changes to the WTO multilateral trade rules system. Due to the stagnation of the Doha Round, the spread of regional trade agreements has departed from the normal approach of global economic governance. In 2018, the United States initiated the reconstruction of international economic and trade rules, attempting to reshape the world economy through the counteraction of superstructures, but further dragged global economic governance into an“exclusive”regional approach, which not only caused an“anti-globalization”trend, but also harmed the common interests of countries around the world. The current global public health crisis has brought the issue of supply chain security to the level of national security and may exacerbate the dilemma of global economic governance. As a major economy that is deeply integrated into economic globalization, China should strengthen its advocate and actively promote the improvement of the global economic governance system, to make sure that the global economic governance can return to the normal approach and form a dynamic virtuous circle with the development of the world economy.