摘要：

5月28日，十三届全国人大三次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国民法典》。编纂一部真正属于中国人民的《民法典》，是新中国几代人的夙愿。在坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的过程中，《民法典》具有重大而深远的意义。这部《民法典》不仅是时代的民法典，更彻底开启了一个中国的民法典时代。从整个社会文明的维度进行考量，《民法典》的颁布一方面直接对中国法律规范体系产生深刻影响，另一方面更会影响到整个中国的社会结构与治理结构，中国的法治进程乃至世界的法治进程必将发生深刻的变革与形塑。值此之际，《探索与争鸣》2020年第5期专门策划了“《民法典》与中国法治的未来”专题圆桌，邀请了十位法学大家，通过宏观与微观相结合的形式，系统梳理总结《民法典》的编纂历程与经验得失，以探寻《民法典》的时代使命，并试图回答中国法治应向何处去这一宏大命题。

孙宪忠教授回应了《民法典》编纂过程中社会公众的疑问，认为《民法典》编纂分“两步走”的工作规划充分考虑了历史经验和现状国情，有利于《民法典》贯彻实施和法学学习研究。季卫东教授指出，从具体的民事法律规范到《民法典》，制度变迁的根本方向在于社会关系的合同化。房绍坤教授认为，土地经营权入典，优化了集体土地所有权的实现方式、释放了土地生产要素活力、丰富了用益物权体系。李永军教授认为，“特别法人”是我国《民法典》的一大创设，体现了公法与私法划分的基本理念和本土化的现实需要，深层次解决了广大农村“二元主体”的混沌问题，并且对于“特别法人”的范围提出了一定商榷。孟勤国教授认为，中国法治需要一部权威的《民法典》，应该通过界定其与公法的关系、强化立法解释和限制司法解释的权限、建立约束抽象行政行为减损民事权益的司法审查机制等举措，在根本上树立和维护《民法典》的权威。龙卫球教授指出，《民法典》的出台对民商法进行了“加冕”，确立了其基本法律地位，符合加强市场法律制度建设要求和适应中国特色社会主义发展要求。高圣平教授认为，《民法典》规定的物上担保制度颇具开放性，为我国金融创新和经济发展留下了足够的空间，提升了我国金融担保制度的国际竞争力。谢鸿飞教授认为，公序良俗原则在《民法典》中具有特殊意义，可以具体在审查法源、否定私法自治、限缩权利行使、扩大侵权责任保护对象等方面予以适用。范进学教授认为，《民法典》实现了人格权民法保护的体系化，构筑起人格权宪法与民法保护的双重规范体系，在人格权法治保障中增添了浓墨重彩的一笔。彭诚信教授认为，法典与司法都不意味着法治的实现，真正对未来法治起决定作用的，是一国之内的《宪法》和人民。

——主持人 彭诚信 陈吉栋 孙冠豪

Abstract:

On May 28, the Third Session of the 13th National People’s Congress voted to adopt the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China. In the process of adhering to and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, the Civil Code has great and far-reaching signi?cance. 　　

Professor Sun Xianzhong believes that the compilation of the Civil Code is divided into “two steps”, which fully considers the historical experience and the current situation, and is conducive to the implementation of the Civil Code and the study of law. Professor Ji Weidong pointed out that the fundamental direction of institutional change from the speci?c civil legal norms to the civil code is the contract of social relations. According to professor Fang Shaokun, the land management right appears in the Civil Code, which optimizes the realization of collective land ownership, releases the vitality of land production factors and enriches the usufruct system. According to professor Li Yongjun, “special legal person” embodies the basic concept of the division of public law and private law and the practical needs of localization, and solves the chaos problem of the “dual subject” in the vast rural areas. According to professor Meng Qinguo, we should de?ne the relationship between the Civil Code and public law, strengthen the legislative interpretation, limit the jurisdiction of judicial interpretation, and establish a judicial review mechanism to restrict abstract administrative acts and reduce civil rights and interests. Professor Long Weiqiu pointed out that the promulgation of the Civil Code crowned the Civil and Commercial Law and establishes its basic legal status. According to professor Gao Shengping, the system of material security stipulated in the Civil Code is quite open, which has left enough space for China’ s ?nancial innovation and economic development. According to professor Xie Hongfei, the principle of “public order and good customs” can be applied in examining the source of law, denying the autonomy of private law, limiting the exercise of rights, and expanding the object of protection of tort liability. Professor Fan Jinxue believes that the civil code has realized the systematization of the protection of personality rights. According to Professor Peng Chengxin, neither the code nor the judiciary means the ultimate realization of the rule of law. What really determines the future rule of law is the Constitution and the people within a country.