摘要： 数据的最优产权安排应在其价值最大化与价值分配公平正义之间取得平衡，这种平衡依赖于数据的应用场景。数据在不同的应用场景下具有不同的生产关系特征和内在冲突，具体而言：家庭场景下数据来源于消费数字化和劳动供给数字化，其内在冲突表现为家庭参与数据价值分配与用户数据隐私治理问题；企业场景下数据应用体现在企业的数据投资和数据创新上，企业的数据垄断和数据共享之间存在冲突；政府场景体现为政府的有效治理依赖于大规模的公共数据，伴随数字政府建设滞后与数据治理之间的冲突。针对不同应用场景下的特征与冲突，数据的最优产权安排原则是：尊重个人数据所有权，提高家庭数据收益报酬；强化企业数据用益权，激励企业数据投资开发；健全政府数据治理权，推动数据开放共享，从而形成安全的数据技术保障、活跃的数据交易市场和友好的数据共享生态。

关键词: 应用场景, 数据确权, 特征, 冲突, 路径

Abstract: The optimal property rights arrangement for data should balance value maximization with equitable value distribution, which is context-dependent. However, data exhibits distinct productive relationships and inherent conflicts across different application scenarios. In the household scenario, data arises from digitized consumption and labor supply, and the internal conflict lies in balancing household involvement in data value sharing with the governance of user data privacy. In the corporate scenario, it is shaped by data investment and innovation; consequently, tensions emerge between corporate data monopolization and data sharing. In the governmental scenario, effective governance hinges on extensive public data utilization, resulting in a conflict between the delayed progress of digital government construction and the demands of comprehensive data governance. To address these issues, the optimal property rights arrangement is: Respect individual data ownership and enhance the data-related returns for households; strengthen corporate data usufruct rights to incentivize investment and development in data; improve government data governance rights to promote data openness and sharing, thereby establishing a secure data infrastructure, an active data market, and a sustainable data-sharing ecosystem.

Key words: application scenario, data rights confirmation, characteristics, conflicts, paths