探索与争鸣 ›› 2020, Vol. 1 ›› Issue (11): 33-54.

• 圆桌会议 • 上一篇    下一篇

走出条块关系的治乱困局(周振超,闾小波,杨雪冬,关保英,王立新,郝宇青,刘笑言)

周振超,闾小波,杨雪冬,关保英,王立新,郝宇青,刘笑言   

  • 出版日期:2020-11-24 发布日期:2020-11-24

Getting Out of the Dilemma of the“Tiao-Kuai”Relationship

  • Online:2020-11-24 Published:2020-11-24

摘要:

条块关系是当代中国国家治理体系中最基本的政治和行政关系之一。理顺条块关系一直是我国行政体制改革中的老大难问题,其实质是集权与分权的张力。1949年以来,我国条块关系进行了多次改革和调整,但条块矛盾始终不同程度存在。条块关系在集权与分权的拉锯中陷入了钟摆过程,出现了所谓“一放就乱,一乱就收”的循环和困局。尤其是在当前加强基层社会治理的背景下,事权和责任在向基层压实,而财权和资源仍停留在上级政府尤其是条线职能部门手中,造成条块矛盾在基层尤为突出。2018年党和国家机构改革协同开展,其中一项重点工作就是理顺条块权责关系。目前,中央关于机构改革的精神还在落实过程中,改革能否实现预期目标还需实践检验。在此背景下,《探索与争鸣》编辑部与华东师范大学当代中国政治发展与战略研究所联合举办了线上研讨会,并邀请专家撰稿,探讨如何走出条块关系的治乱困局。

周振超教授指出,中国的条块关系模式有别于世界上大多数国家的政府间关系模式,它是维系国家统一与发挥地方活力的重要制度安排。同时,中国条块关系的复杂性独一无二,我们也要正视条块矛盾,进一步激发条块关系模式的治理效能。闾小波教授认为,古典时期中国的政治版图具有可黏合的马赛克特征。中共中央通过健全党委制和建立请示报告制度,将马赛克状的政治版图编织成立体的、条块联通、以“条”引“块”的金字塔式的管理架构。但如何避免出现“条-块”间的排异反应,以及刚性政治与弹性行政、条块体制与“元首性之长官”传统之间的张力,仍是一个待解的难题。杨雪冬教授指出,“条”与“块”各自双重身份的错位产生了治理行为的不协调,乃至冲突。条块矛盾反映的是职能部门与治理层级之间的双重不协调,条块关系的合理化要遵循现代政府运行的基本原则,即分权、民主和法治。关保英教授强调,行政机构改革中条块关系的调控是法律范畴的问题,只有在行政组织法的规范和引领下,条块关系才能够作出合理调整,才能够使每一次这样的调整都有章可循。因此,应制订一部统一的行政组织法,以及具有刚性的行政编制法,对条块关系进行法律规制。王立新教授主张,调整条块关系,消解条块壁垒,应跳出在条强块弱与块强条弱之间摇摆的历史老路,探索综合协调的新思路。具体来说,要确立开放式的思维观念,创设综合协调型治理体系,并提升综合协调型治理能力。郝宇青教授认为,传统条块体制产生于计划经济条件下,其蕴涵的制度精神与社会主义市场经济对行政管理体制的要求不相一致,与新时代基层社会治理的柔性化要求不相协调。条块关系的改革要适应柔性的基层社会治理,在制度层面要继续推进大部制改革,在观念层面要变“管理”为“治理”,在过程层面应减少对基层社会治理的微观直接干预。刘笑言副教授指出,20世纪90年代中期以来,“条”的垂直管理呈现不断强化的趋势。与此同时,社会治理重心在向基层下移,压实属地责任不断被强调,这就出现了垂直管理与属地管理之间矛盾增多的问题。垂直管理的边界应该只延伸到县级政权,同时要明确权力和责任对等的原则,防止权力越界。

——主持人 杜运泉 孙冠豪

Abstract:

“Tiao-Kuai”relationship is one of the most basic political and administrative relations in contemporary China’s national governance system. Straightening out the relationship between departments and blocks has always been a big problem in the reform of China’s administrative system. Its essence is the tension between centralization and decentralization.

Professor Zhou Zhenchao points out that China’s“Tiao-Kuai”relationship model is different from most countries. It is an important institutional arrangement to maintain national unity and give full play to local vitality. Professor Lv Xiaobo believes that it is still a problem to be solved to avoid the rejection reaction between Tiao and Kuai, as well as the tension between rigid politics and flexible administration, between the“Tiao-Kuai”system and the Chief Executive system. Professor Yang Xuedong points out that the dislocation of the dual identities of“Tiao”and“Kuai”has resulted in the disharmony and even conflict of governance behavior. The rationalization of the“Tiao-Kuai”relationship should follow the basic principles of modern government operation. Professor Guan Baoying stresses that a unified administrative organization law and a rigid administrative organization law should be formulated to regulate the“Tiao-Kuai”relationship. Professor Wang Lixin holds that it is necessary to establish an open thinking concept, create a comprehensive and coordinated governance system, and enhance the 

ability of comprehensive and coordinated governance. Professor Hao Yuqing believes that we should promote the reform of the ministry system at the system level, change“management”into“governance” in the concept level, and reduce the micro direct intervention in the grassroots social governance at the process level. Associate professor Liu Xiaoyan points out that the boundary of vertical management should only extend to the county-level political power. At the same time, the principle of equal power and responsibility should be clarified to prevent power from crossing the border.