摘要： “第二自然”概念是萦绕在整个马克思主义学术史中的“幽灵”。以卢卡奇为代表的西方马克思主义者创造性地引入了此问题，却又割裂了价值形式理论、生态学和社会团结在马克思哲学中的有机统一。此时，第二自然仅仅表现为抽象的社会统治。但是，在马克思哲学起源处包含着一场伟大的斗争——经由斯宾诺莎和黑格尔的冲突与对话——自由如何与自然和解，自由如何建立在实体性的制度根基上，这些最棘手的难题被提交给了马克思。第二自然不是对第一自然的超越，而是在其内部对自然和精神关系的重新确认。理解此概念就要同时追问自然/政治的联盟该采取何种形态。生命与制度是何种关系？社会团结的真正活力究竟寓居于中心化的政治国家，还是从边缘和底部敞开的多元共存？马克思面对资本主义“通过自然”而进行的统治，探索了如何从生命的内在性出发对僵化的第二自然关系进行反抗。第二自然的问题更呈现出了马克思哲学在人类世的当代相关性。

关键词: 自然, 政治联盟, 习惯, 类与种, 第二自然

Abstract: The concept of “second nature” is a “ghost” that has haunted the entire history of Marxism. Western Marxists, represented by Lukács, creatively introduced this concept, but cut off the organic unity of the theory of value forms, ecology and social solidarity in Marx’s philosophy. At this point, the second nature manifests itself only as abstract social domination. But there is a great struggle contained at the origins of Marx’s philosophy— via the conflict and dialogue between Spinoza and Hegel—over how freedom can be reconciled with nature and how freedom can be built on its institutional roots, the most difficult dilemmas presented to Marx. The second nature is not a transcendence of the first nature, but a replication of the relation between nature and spirit within it. Understanding this notion entails simultaneously asking what forms the nature/politics alliance should take: what is the relationship between life and institution, and whether the real vitality of social solidarity resides in the centralized political state, or in a pluralistic mutual flourishing of life from the margins and the bottom. By investigating capitalism’s domination “through nature”, Marx explored how to resist the petrifaction of second nature from the perspective of immanence of life. The question of second nature reveals the contemporary relevance of Marx’s philosophy in the Anthropocene.

Key words: nature, politics alliance, habitus, genus and species, second nature