摘要： 个人主义认知将知识理解为个人独创性思想的信息表达，并将法律对创作者私权的保护等同于对创新的保护，这让知识产权的制度设计以营造知识稀缺性的“商品拟制”为目标。然而，这种个人主义认知使知识产权异化为企业进行商业竞争和政府落实公共政策的工具，使保护创新的知识产权偏离了其初衷。信息的本质是联结，而知识是信息联结网络时析出的形式结构表象。未来的知识产权要想保护创新，需要从“商品拟制”转向“契约拟制”，从强调企业盈利的商品经济转向开源社区的礼物经济，从注重知识独立性的个人表达规则转向聚焦知识可信度的人机交互程序，从平衡个人私权与公共利益的“合理使用”转向消除使用能力差异的“公平使用”。

关键词: 信息, 知识, 知识生产, 知识产权, 创新, 人机交互

Abstract: Individualistic epistemology conceptualizes knowledge as the informational expression of an author’s original thought and equates the legal protection of private rights for creators with the protection of innovation itself. This perspective leads intellectual property (IP) system design to aim at creating a “fictional commodity” based on artificial knowledge scarcity. However, such individualism has reduced IP to a tool for corporate competition and government policy implementation, diverting it from its original purpose of fostering innovation. The essence of information is connection, and knowledge is the formal structural representation emergent from networks of informational connections. For future IP regimes to genuinely protect innovation, a paradigm shift is necessary: from a “fictional commodity” model to a “fictional contract” model; from a commodity economy emphasizing corporate profit to a gift economy prevalent in open-source communities; from rules focusing on the individuality of expression to procedures ensuring the credibility of human-machine interactive knowledge production; and from the “fair use” doctrine balancing private rights and public interest to a “fair use” principle aimed at eliminating disparities in the capacity to use knowledge.

Key words: information, knowledge, knowledge production, intellectual property, innovation, human-machine interaction